Chronic mixture risk assessment of metals

This standard action is of type: Risks

In the context of the European projects HBM4EU and PARC, the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment of the Netherlands (RIVM) performed a case study on the risk assessment of the combined exposure of four metals relevant for chronic kidney disease, i.e. cadmium, lead, in-organic arsenic and inorganic mercury. The exposure assessment used chemical concentration in foods of 14 European countries over the years 2014-2018, obtained from the EFSA data warehouse and individual Dutch food consumption data. Since chronic kidney disease is relevant for the adult population, adults in the age of 18-64 years were selected in the standard action. Exposure estimates were obtained using the observed individual means (OIM) model implemented in MCRA. Using relative potency factors, the exposure to the metals was expressed as equivalents of cadmium and summed per individual in the food consumption database, yielding a distribution of summed cadmium-equivalents. The summed cadmium-equivalents per individual were divided by the reference point of cadmium, which resulted in a distribution of risk characterisation ratios (exposure/hazard) \(E/H\) (or better modified reference point indexes) from which the mean, P50 and P95 are obtained. A ratio E/H or modified reference point index > 1 means either a risk cannot be excluded or refinement of the assessment is needed, depending on the assesses uncertainties. The standard action is meant for training and demonstration purposes, to demonstrate assessment of the impact of setting (new) maximum limits concentrations (MLs).

Table 371 Datasources for Chronic mixture risk assessment of metals.

Table Group	Name	Repository	Type
AssessmentGroupMemberships	Catalogues_DNT_NEF-metals.xlsx	Standard Actions/Chronic mixture risk assessment of metals	Fixed
Compounds	Catalogues_DNT_NEF-metals.xlsx	Standard Actions/Chronic mixture risk assessment of metals	Fixed
Effects	Catalogues_DNT_NEF-metals.xlsx	Standard Actions/Chronic mixture risk assessment of metals	Fixed
FoodTranslations	Catalogues_DNT_NEF-metals.xlsx	Standard Actions/Chronic mixture risk assessment of metals	Fixed
Foods	Catalogues_DNT_NEF-metals.xlsx	Standard Actions/Chronic mixture risk assessment of metals	Fixed
HazardCharacterisations	Catalogues_DNT_NEF-metals.xlsx	Standard Actions/Chronic mixture risk assessment of metals	Fixed
Populations	Catalogues_DNT_NEF-metals.xlsx	Standard Actions/Chronic mixture risk assessment of metals	Fixed
RelativePotencyFactors	Catalogues_DNT_NEF-metals.xlsx	Standard Actions/Chronic mixture risk assessment of metals	Fixed
MaximumResidueLimits	DNT-MLs-Extended-metals.xlsx	Standard Actions/Chronic mixture risk assessment of metals	Variable
MaximumResidueLimits	DNT-MLs-metals.xlsx	Standard Actions/Chronic mixture risk assessment of metals	Variable
Concentrations	DNT-NEF-SSD-metals.xlsx	Standard Actions/Chronic mixture risk assessment of metals	Fixed
MaximumResidueLimits	NEF-MLs-Extended-metals.xlsx	Standard Actions/Chronic mixture risk assessment of metals	Variable
MaximumResidueLimits	NEF-MLs-metals.xlsx	Standard Actions/Chronic mixture risk assessment of metals	Variable
Survey	NL-FE1-FCS2016_Core_1-79y.accdb	Standard Actions/Chronic mixture risk assessment of metals	Fixed

References:

1. Amzal, B., Julin, B., Vahter, M., Wolk, A., Johanson, G., & Akesson, A. (2009). Population toxicokinetic modeling of cadmium for health risk assessment. Environ Health Perspect, 117(8), 1293-1301. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0800317.

2. Carlisle, J. C., & Wade, M. J. (1992). Predicting blood lead concentrations from environmental concentrations. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol, 16(3), 280-289. https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-2300(92)90008-w.

3. EFSA (2009a) Cadmium in food - Scientific opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain. The EFSA Journal (2009) 980, 1-139. Available online: www.efsa.europa.eu.

4. EFSA. (2009b). Scientific Opinion on Arsenic in Food. EFSA J, 7(10). https://doi.org/0.2903/j.efsa.2009.1351.

5. EFSA. (2010b). Scientific Opinion on Lead in Food. EFSA J, 8(8), 1570

6. EFSA. (2012a). Scientific Opinion on the risk for public health related to the presence of mercury and methylmercury in food. EFSA J, 10(12).

7. EFSA. (2021a). Chronic dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic. EFSA J, 19(1), e06380. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6380.

8. Lin, Y. J., Hsiao, J. L., & Hsu, H. T. (2020). Integration of biomonitoring data and reverse dosimetry modeling to assess population risks of arsenic-induced chronic kidney disease and urinary cancer. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf, 206, 111212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111212 Scoel 2007.

9. Sprong et al. Combined chronic dietary exposure to cadmium, lead, inorganic arsenic and inorganic mercury may pose a risk for nephrotoxicity in the adult population of ten European countries. manuscript in preparation.